درس امروز پیشوندها و پسوندها در اصطلاحات پزشکیه ! گرامرم خوب نیست اما میدونم که ریشه یک لغت یعنی عنصر اساسی ای که در همه اشکال دیگر لغت مشترکه . پیشوند شکلیه که در ابتدای ریشه مستقر میشه و پسوند شکلیه که در انتهای ریشه قرار میگیره . درک اصطلاحات پزشکی بدون این پیشوند و پسوندها غیر ممکنه . فهرستی از پیشوندها و پسوندها رو در اختیار عزیزان قرار میدم . در فهرست ذیل اول پیشوندها و یا پسوندها قید و بعدش معنی اون نوشته شده و در داخل پرانتز یک یا دو مثال وجود داره . برای ترجمه لغات میتونین از مترجم گوگل و اگه انگلیسیتان خوب باشه میتونین از سایت فری دیکشنری استفاده کنید . البته در دیکشنریهای فارسی ، چندین اشتباه در تشریح بیماریها دیده ام ، لذا در اینگونه مطالب سعی کنین از دیکشنری انگلیسی به انگلیسی استفاده کنین :
a = absent, deficient, lack of (atrophy)
ab- = off, away from (absent, abduction)
abdomen = abdomen (abdominal)
abdomin[o]- = abdomen (abdomen)
-able = capable of (viable)
ac- = toward to (actin)
-ac, -acal = pertaining to (hydrophobiac, pharmacomaniacal)
acanth[o]- = thorn , spine (acanthoma, acanthulus)
acou- = hear (acoustic)
acous[io]- = hearing (acoumeter, acoustician)
acr[o]- = extremity, topmost (acrocrany, acromegaly)
-acusis = hearing (paracusis)
ad- = increase, adherence, motion toward (adduction, adduct)
-ad = toward, in the direction of (dorsad)
aden[o]-, aden[i]- = gland (adenocarcinoma, adenology)
adip[o]- = fatty tissue (adipocyte)
adren[o]- = adrenal glands (adrenal artery)
-aemia = blood condition (anaemia)
aer[o]- = air, gas (aerosinusitis)
-al = pertaining to (abdominal)
alb- = white (albicans, albino)
alg[i]o- = pain (myalgia)
alge[si]- = pain (analgesic)
-algia = pain (neuralgia, myalgia)
allo- = something as different, as an addition (alloantigen, allopathy)
ambi- = both (ambidextrous)
amnio- = membranous fetal sac (amnion, amniocentesis)
amph-, amphi- = on both sides (amphismela, amphomycin)
an- = absence of (analgia)
ana- = back, again, up (anaplasia)
andr[o]- = man (andrology, android)
anesthesio- = sensation (anesthesia)
angi- = vessels (angiology, angiogram)
aniso- = unequal (anisotropic, anisocytosis)
ankyl[o]-, ancyl[o]- = something as crooked , bent (ankylosis)
ante- = before, in front of (antebrachium, antepartum)
anti- = against (anticoagulant, antipsychotic)
apo- = separated from, derived from (apoptosis)
aque- = water (aqueous)
arch[i,e,o]- = beginning, origin (archenteron, archinephron)
arteri[o]- = artery (artery, arteriole)
arthr[o]- = joint (arthritis)
articul[o]- = joint (articulation)
-ary = pertaining to (bilary tract)
-ase = enzyme (lactase)
-asis = condition , state of (homeostasis)
-asthenia = weakness (myasthenia gravis)
atel[o] = incomplete development (atelocardia)
-ation = process (mineralization)
atri[o]- = atrium (atrioventricular)
aud- = hearing, sound (auditory)
aur[i]- = ear (aural)
aut[o]- = self (autolysis, autoimmune)
aux[o]- = increase; growth (auxocardia)
axill- = armpit (axilla)
azo[to] = nitrogenous compound (azothermia)
balano- = glans penis or glans clitoridis (balanitis)
bi- = two (bipedal)
bio- = life (biopsy)
blast[o]- = generative , germ, bud (blastocyst, blastomere)
blephar[o]- = eyelid (blepharoplast)
brachi[o]- = arm (brachialis, brachium)
brachy- = short (brachydont, brachycephalic)
brady- = slow (bradycardia)
bronch[i]- = bronchus (bronchiolitis obliterans)
bucc[o]- = cheek (buccal cavity, buccolabial)
burs[o]- = bursa (bursitis)
cac- = bad, ill (cachexia)
calc- = stone (calculus)
capill- = hair (capillus)
capit- = head (capitis, capitation)
carcin[o]- = cancer (carcinogenic, carcinoma)
cardi- = heart (cardiac)
carp[o]- = wrist (carpopedal)
cata- = lower, under, against (catabolism, cataract)
caud- = tail (cauda equina)
-cele = pouching, hernia (hydrocele)
-centesis = surgical puncture for aspiration (amniocentesis)
cephal[o]- = head (cephalic)
cerat[o]- = cornu; horn (ceratoid)
cerebell[o]- = cerebellum (cerebellum)
cerebr[o]- = brain (cerebrology, cerebrospinal fluid)
cervic- = neck, cervix (cervicodorsal)
chem[o]- = chemistry, drug (chemotherapy)
chir[o]- , cheir[o]- = hand (chiropractor)
chlor[o]- = green color(chlorophyll)
chol[e]- = bile (cholic, cholaemia)
cholecyst[o]- = gallbladder (cholecystectomy)
chondr- = cartilage (chondrocyte)
chondr[i]o- = cartilage, gristle, granule, granular (chondrocalcinosis)
chrom[ato]- = color (chromocyte, hemachromatosis)
-cidal, -cide = destroy (germicide)
cili- = cilia, the eyelashes; eyelids (ciliary)
circum- = around (circumduct, circumcision)
cis- = kill, to cut (homicide, genocide)
clast = break (osteoclast)
co- = together (copulation)
coel- = hollow cavity (coelom)
-coele = swelling, enlarged space or cavity (blastocoel)
col-, colo-, colono- = colon (colonoscopy)
colp[o]- = pertaining to the vagina (colposcopy)
com- = with, together (communist)
con- = with, together (cogenital)
contra- = against, opposite (contraception, contraindicate)
cor- = with, together (corrode)
cor-, core-, coro- = eye’s pupil (corectomy)
cordi- = heart (commotio cordis)
corn- = hardness (cornified)
cornu- = resembles a horn (cornual)
corp- = body (corpus)
cost[o]- = ribs (costochondral)
cox- = hip, haunch, or hip-joint (coxopodite)
crani[o]- = cranium (craniology)
-crine = to secrete (endocrine)
cry[o]- = cold (cryoablation)
crypt- = hidden (cryptorchidism)
cutane- = skin (subcutaneous)
cyan[o]- = blue (cyanosis, yanopsia)
cycl- = circle (cycle)
cyph[o]- = something as bent (cyphosis)
cyst[o]-, cyst[i]-= sac , bladder (cystoscope, cystotomy)
-cyte = cell (leukocyte)
cyto- = cell (cytology, cytokine)
dacryo- = tear (dacryorrhea)
dactyl[o]- = finger, toe (dactylology)
de- = down, away from, cessation (descent)
dent- = teeth (dentist)
dermat[o]-, derm[o]-= skin (dermatology)
-desis = binding (arthrodesis)
dextr[o]- = right, on the right side (dextrocardia)
di- = two, apart, separation (diarthrotic)
dia- = through, throughout (diacetyl, diagnosis)
dif- = apart, separation (differ)
digit- = finger (digit)
dipl- = double (diploid)
dis- = apart, away from (disarticulate)
dis- = separation, taking apart (dissection)
dors[o]-, dors[i]- = back (dorsal, dorsocephalad)
duct- = apart, away from (disarticulate)
duodeno- = duodenum, twelve (duodenal atresia)
dur- = hard (dura mater)
dynam[o]- = force, energy, power (dynamic, dynamometer)
-dynia = pain (vulvodynia)
dys- = bad, difficult, painful (dysentery, dysphagia)
e- = out, from (eccrine)
ec- = outside, outer, external (ectoderm)
ect[o]- = outer, outside (ectopic pregnancy)
-ectasis = expansion, dilation (bronchiectasis)
-ectomy = surgical removal (tonsillectomy, mastectomy)
ede- = swelling (edema)
-emesis = vomiting condition (hematemesis)
-emia = a condition of the blood (anemia)
en- = within (endoderm)
encephal[o]- = brain (encephalogram)
endo- = inside, within (endocrinology, endospore)
enter- = intestine (enteritis, gastroenterology)
epi- = upon, over (epidermis, epidural)
episi[o]- = pubic region, the loins (episiotomy)
erythr[o]- = red color (erythrocyte)
-esophageal, -esophago = gullet (esophagobronchial)
esthesio- = sensation (esthesioneurosis)
eu- = true, good, well, new (eukaryote)
ex- = out of, away from (excise)
exo- = outside (exocrine, exoskeleton)
extra- = outside of, in addition (extracellular)
faci[o]- = face (facioplegic)
fasci- = band (fascia)
febr- = fever (febrile)
-ferent = bear, carry (efferent)
fibr[o]- = fiber (fibroblast)
fiss- = split (fissure)
for- -iform = opening (foramen)
-form = shape (fusiform)
fossa = depression , hollow (fossa ovalis)
front- = forehead (frontonasal)
galact[o]- = milk (galactorrhea)
gastr[o]- = stomach (gastrointestinal, gastric bypass)
-gen = an agent that produces (pathogen, heterogenous)
-genic = producing (carcinogenic)
genu- = knee (genu valgum)
gingiv- = gums (gingivitis)
glauc[o]- = grey, bluish-grey color (glaucoma)
gloss- = tongue (glossopharyngeal)
gloss[o]-, glott[o]- = tongue (glossology)
gluco- = glucose (glucocorticoid)
glyco- = sugar (glycosuria, glycolysis)
gnath[o]- = jaw (gnathodynamometer)
-gnosis = knowledge (diagnosis, prognosis)
gon[o]- = seed, semen; also, reproductive (gonorrhea)
-gram = a record(ing) (electroencephalogram)
-gram = record or picture (angiogram)
gran- = grain, particle (granulosa cells)
-graph = record , picture (electrocardiograph)
-graph = recording instrument (telegraph)
-graphy = process of recording (angiography)
gravi- = heavy (gravid)
gyn- = female sex (gynecology)
gyn[aec]o- , gyn[ec]o- = woman (gynecomastia)
halluc- = to wander in mind (hallucinosis)
haplo- = simple or single (haploid)
hem[at]- , haemato- = blood (hematology)
hema- , hemo- = blood (hematological malignancy)
hemi- = half (hemiplagia, cerebral hemisphere)
hepat- = liver (hepatic portal, hepatology)
hetero- = other, different (heterosexual, heterogeneous)
hidr[o]- = sweat (hyperhidrosis)
hist[o]-, histio- = tissue (histology)
holo- = whole, entire (holocrine)
home[o]- = similar (homeopathy)
homo- = same, alike (homologous, homosexuality)
humer[o]- = shoulder, the upper arm (humerus)
hydr[o]- = water (hydrophobe, hydrocoel)
hyper- = above, excessive (hypertension, hypovolemia)
hypo- = under, below (hypoglycemia)
hyster[o]- = womb, the uterus (hysterectomy)
-ia = medical specialties (pediatrics)
-i-asis = condition (mydriasis)
iatr[o]- = medicine, a physician (iatrochemistry)
-iatrics = medical specialties (pediatrics)
-iatry = a field in medicine (podiatry, psychiatry)
-ic = pertaining to (hepatic artery)
-icle = small (ovarian follicle)
-ics = organized knowledge, treatment (bionomics, osmics)
idio- = self, separate (idiopathic)
ilio- = ilium (iliosacral)
infra- = beneath (infraspinatus, infrahyoid muscles)
inter- = among, between (interosseus, interarticular ligament)
intra- = inside, within (intracellular, intracranial hemorrhage)
-ion = process (acromion)
irid[o]- = iris (iridectomy)
isch- = restriction (ischemia)
ischio- = ischium, the hip-joint (ischiorrhogic)
-ism = condition, disease, state (dimorphism, dwarfism)
-ismus = spasm, contraction (strabismus)
iso- = equal, like (isotonic)
-ist = who specializes in (pathologist)
-ite =the nature of, resembling (hermaphrodite)
-itis = inflammation (meningitis, tonsillitis)
-ium = structure, tissue (pericardium)
karyo- = nucleus (eukaryote)
kerat[o]- = cornea (keratoscope)
kin[e]-, kin[o], kinesi[o]- = movement (kinesthesia)
koil[o]- = hollow (koilocyte)
kyph[o]- = humped (kyphoscoliosis)
labi[o]- = lip (labium majus, labiodental)
lacrim[o]- = tears (lacrimal apparatus, lacrimal canaliculi)
lact[i]-, lact[o] = milk (lactation)
lapar[o]- = abdomen-wall, flank (laparotomy)
laryng[o]- = larynx (laryngitis)
later- = side (lateral, lateral pectoral nerve)
lei[o]- = smooth (leiomyoma)
-lepsis, -lepsy = attack, seizure (epilepsy, narcolepsy)
lept[o]- = light, slender (leptospirosis)
leuc[o]-, leuk[o]- = white color (leukocyte)
lingu[a]-, lingu[o]- = tongue (linguistics)
lip[o]- = fat (lipid, liposuction)
lith[o]- = stone, calculus (lithotripsy)
log[o]- = speech (logogram)
-logist = who studies a field (oncologist, pathologist)
-logy = science of (morphology, hematology )
lymph[o]- = lymph (lymphedema)
lys[o]-, -lytic = dissolution (lysosome, hemolysis)
-lysis = destruction, separation (paralysis)
macro- = large, great (macrophage)
mal- = bad, abnormal, disorder (malignant)
-malacia = softening (osteomalacia)
mamm[o]- = breast (mammogram)
mammill[o]- = nipple (mammillitis)
manu- = hand (manufacture)
mast[o]- = breast (mastectomy)
medi- = middle (medial)
meg[a]-, megal[o]-, -megaly = enlargement (splenomegaly, megakaryocyte)
melan[o]- = black color (melanin)
melos = extremity (erythromelalgia)
mening[o]- = membrane (meningitis)
mero- = part (merocrine, meroblastic)
mes[o]- = middle (mesoderm)
meta- = after, beyond (metatarsal, metacarpus)
-meter = measurement (sphygmomanometer)
metr[o]- = uterus (metrorrhagia)
-metry = measuring (optometry)
micro- = small (microtome, microscope)
mito- = thread (mitochondrion)
mono- = alone, one, single (monocyte, infectious mononucleosis)
morph- = form, shape (morphology)
multi- = many, much (multinuclear)
muscul[o]- = muscle (musculoskeletal system)
my[o]- = muscle (myoblast, myology)
myc[o]- = fungus (onychomycosis)
myel[o]- = bone marrow (myeloblast)
myring[o]- = eardrum (myringotomy)
myx[o]- = mucus (myxoma)
narc- = numbness, stupor, sleep (narcotic, narcolepsy)
nas[o]- = nose (nasal)
necr[o]- = death (necrotizing fasciitis)
necro- = corpse, dead (necrosis)
neo- = new, young (neonatal, neoplasm)
nephr[o]- = kidney (nephritis, nephrology)
nerv- = nerves, nervous system (nerve)
neur(i)-, neur[o]- = nerves, nervous system (neurofibromatosis, neurolemma)
normo- = normal (normocapnia)
noto- = back (notochord)
ob- = against, in front of (obturator)
oc- = against (occlusion)
ocul[o]- = eye (oculist)
odont[o]- = teeth (orthodontist)
odyn[o]- =pain (stomatodynia)
-oesophageal, oesophago- = gullet (esophagogastroduodenoscopy)
-oid = resembling, likeness (sigmoid, sarcoidosis)
ole = small (molecule)
oligo- = few, small (oligodendrocyte, oligotrophy )
om[o]- = shoulder (omoplate)
-oma , -omata = tumor, mass (sarcoma, teratoma)
omphal[o]- = navel, umbilicus (omphalotomy)
onco- = tumor, bulk (oncology)
onych[o]- = nail (onychophagy)
oo- = egg (oocyte, oogenesis)
oophor[o]- = woman’s ovary (oophorectomy)
ophthalm[o]- = eye (ophthalmology)
optic[o]- = vision (opticochemical)
or[o]- = mouth (oral)
orchi[o]-, orchido- = testis (orchiectomy, orchiectomy)
ortho- = straight, normal (orthopnea, orthodontist)
-ory = pertaining to (sensory)
-ose = full of (adipose)
-osis = disease, increase (ichthyosis, psychosis)
osseo- = bony (osseointegration)
ossi- = bone (ossifying fibroma)
ost[e]-, oste[o]- = bone (osteoporosis)
osteo- = bone (osteoblast)
ot[o]- = ear (otopathy, otolith)
-ous = pertaining to ( ferrous, hypochlorous)
ovari[o]- = ovaries (ovariectomy)
ovo-, ovi-, ov = egg (ovum, ovogenesis)
oxo- = addition of oxygen (oxoid)
oxy- = sharp, acid, acute, oxygen (oxycodone)
pachy- = thick = pachyderma
palpebr- = eyelid (palpebra)
pan-, pant[o]- = complete, containing everything (panophobia, panopticon)
papill- = nipple (papillitis)
papul[o]- = small swelling in the skin, pimple (population)
par- = give birth to (parturition)
para- = near, beyond, beside (paranasal)
-paresis = slight paralysis (hemiparesis)
parvo- = small (parvovirus)
path[o]- = disease (pathology)
-pathy = abnormality, disease (sociopathy, neuropathy)
ped- = children (pediatrician)
ped-, -ped-, -pes = foot; -footed (pedoscope)
pelv[i]-, pelv[o]- =hip bone (pelvis)
pen- = need, lack (penicillin)
-penia = deficiency (thrombocytopenia, osteopenia)
peo- = penis (peotomy)
-pepsia = digestion, digestive tract (dyspepsia)
per- = through (percutaneous)
peri- = near, around (pericardium, periodontal)
-pexy = fixation (nephropexy)
phaco- =lens-shaped (phacolysis, phacoemulsification)
phag- = to eat (phagocyte)
-phage, -phagia = eating, ingestion (sarcophagia)
phagist- = who ‘feeds on’ the first element or part of the word (lotophagis)
-phago- = eating, devouring (phagocyte)
-phagy = ‘feeding on’ the first element (anthropophagy)
phallo- = phallus (aphallia)
pharmaco- = drug (pharmacology)
pharyng[o]- = pharynx (pharyngitis, pharyngoscopy)
-phil[ia] = attraction for (hemophilia)
phleb- = vein (phlebitis)
phleb[o]- = vein (phlebography, phlebotomy)
phob[o]- = exaggerated fear, sensitivity (arachnophobia, hydrophobia)
phon[o]- = sound (phonology)
phos- = light or its chemical properties (phosphene)
phot[o]- = light (photopathy)
phren(i)-, phren[o]-, phrenico = diaphragm, mind (phrenic nerve, schizophrenia)
-plasia = formation, development (achondroplasia)
-plasty = reconstruction, surgical repair (rhinoplasty)
platy- = flat, side (platysma)
-plegia = stroke, paralysis (paraplegia)
pleio- = more, excessive, multiple (pleiomorphism)
pleur[o]-, pleur[a] = pleura, side, rib (pleurogenous)
-plexy = stroke, seizure (cataplexy)
-pnea = to breathe (apnea)
pneum[o]- = air, lungs = (pneumonocyte, pneumonia)
pod-, -pod-, -pus = foot (podiatry)
-poiesis = formation of (hemopoiesis)
polio- = grey color (poliomyelitis)
poly- = many, much (polyploidy, polymyositis)
por[o]- = cavity, passage , pore (porencephalia, porotomy)
porphyr[o]- = purple color (porphyroblast)
post- = after, behind (postnatal, postoperation)
pre- = before in time or place (prenatal, prematurity)
presby[o]- = old age = presbyopia
prim- = first, most important (primary)
pro- = before (procephalic)
proct- = anus (proctology)
prot[o]- = first, most important (protoneuron)
pseudo- = false (pseudostratified)
psych[e]-, psych[o] = mind (psychology, psychiatry)
psycho- = mental (psychology)
-ptosis = falling, drooping, prolapsed (apoptosis)
-ptysis = spitting ( hemoptysis)
pulmon-, pulmo- = lungs (pulmonary)
pyel[o]- = pelvis (pyelonephritis)
pyo- = pus (pyorrhea, pyometra)
pyro- = fever (antipyretic, pyrogenic)
quad- = fourfold (quadriceps femoris)
quadr(i)- = four (quadriceps)
radio- = radiation (radiowave)
re- = back, again (repolarization)
rect- = straight (rectus abdominus)
rect[o]- = straight or rectum (rectoscope, rectosigmoidoscopy)
ren[o]- = kidney (renal)
rete- = network (rete testis)
reticul[o]- network, netlike (reticulocyte)
retro- = backward, behind (retroperitoneal, retroverted)
rhabd[o]- = rod shaped, striated (rhabdomyoma)
rhachi[o]- = spine ( rachialgia, rachiopathy)
rhin[o]- = nose (rhinoceros, rhinoplasty)
rhod[o]- = rose-red color (rhodophyte)
-rrhage = burst forth (hemorrhage)
-rrhagia = excessive flow, rapid flow of blood (hemorrhage, metrorrhagia)
-rrhaphy = suturing (colporrhaphy, gastrorrhaphy)
-rrhea = flowing, discharge (galactorrhea, diarrhea)
-rrhexis = rupture (angiorrhexis, enterorrexis)
rubr[o]- = red nucleus of the brain (rubrospinal)
salping[o]- = fallopian tubes (salpingectomy)
sanguin- , sanguine- = blood (sanguineous)
sarco- = muscular, fleshlike (sarcoma)
schist[o]- = split, cleft (schistocelia, schistocephalus)
schiz[o]- = split , double sided (schizocephalia, schizogenesis)
scler[o]- = hardness = atherosclerosis
-sclerosis = hardening of the skin (multiple sclerosis)
scoli[o]- = twisted (scoliosis)
-scope = instrument (stethoscope)
-scopy = use of instrument for viewing (endoscopy)
-sect = cut (dissect)
semi- = half (semilunar)
sial[o]- = saliva, salivary gland (sialagogue)
sigmoid[o]- = sigmoid, sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscope, sigmoidectomy)
sinistr[o]- = left, left side (sinistrocardia, sinistrophobia)
sinus- = sinus (sinusitis)
-sis = process, action (dialysis)
sito- = food, grain (sitomania, sitotherapy)
somat[o]-, somatico- = body, bodily (somatoplasm)
spasmo- = spasm (spasmodermia, spasmophemia)
sperma-, spermo-, spermato- =semen (spermatozoa spermatogenesis)
splanchn[i]-, splanchn[o]- = viscera (splanchnocele, splanchnography)
splen[o]- = spleen (splenectomy)
spondyl[o]- = spine, vertebra (spondylitis)
squamos[o]- = scaly (squama)
-stasis = stop, stand (homeostasis)
sten[o]- = narrowness (stenobregmate, stenocephaly)
steth[o]- = upper chest, chest (stethomyitis, stethospasm)
stheno-= strength, force, power (sthenometer, sthenoplastic)
stom[a] = mouth (stomatognathic system)
stomat[o]- = mouth (stomatogastric)
-stomy = surgical opening (tracheostomy, colostomy)
sub- = under, below (subcutaneous)
super- = above, superior (superior vena cava)
super- = above, upper (superficial)
supra- = above, over (suprarenal, supraorbital vein)
sy[l]-, sym-, syn-, sys- =similarity, likeness (synalgia, synesthesia, syssarcosis)
syn- , sym- = together, joined, with (synapse)
tachy- = fast, rapid (tachycardia)
tele- = far (telencephalon)
tens- = stretch (tensor tympani)
-tension, -tensive = pressure (hypertension)
tetra- = four (tetrad)
thec- = case, sheath (intrathecal, thecodont)
thel(e)-, thel[o]- = (theleplasty)
thely- = woman (thelygenic, thelyplasty)
therm[o]- = heat (thermogram)
thorac- = chest (thoracic cavity)
thorac[i]-, thorac[o]-, thoracico- = chest (thorax)
thromb[o]- = blood clot, clotting of blood (thrombus, thrombocytopenia)
thrombo- = lump, clot (thrombocyte)
thymo- , thymi- , thym- = thymus gland, mind (thymolysis, thymopathy)
thyr[o]- = thyroid (thyroactive, thyroidectomy)
-tic = pertaining to (paralytic, therapeutic)
toco- = childbirth (tocodynamometer, tocography)
-tome = cutting instrument, segment (dermatome, microtome)
-tomy = cut (appendectomy)
tono- = tone, tension, pressure (tonoclonic, tonoscillograph)
-tony = tension (neurotony, vagotony)
top[o]- = place, topical (topesthesia, topognosia)
tox[i]-, tox[o]-, toxico- = poison (toxemia)
trache[o]- = trachea (tracheomalacia, tracheorrhaphy)
trachel[o]- = neck (tracheotomy)
tract- = draw, drag (traction)
trans- = across, over, moving (transfuse)
tri- = three (trigone)
trich[i]-, trichia, trich[o]- = hair (trichology, trichotomy )
-tripsy = crushing (lithotripsy)
-trophy = nourishment, development (hypertrophy, pseudohypertrophy)
-tropic = turning to, changing (gonadotropic)
tympan[o]- = eardrum (tympanocentesis)
-ula, -ule = small (nodule)
ultra- = beyond, excess (ultrasonic)
umbilic- = navel, umbilicus (umbilical)
ungui- = nail, a claw (unguiform, ungula)
uni- = one (unicellular, unilateral)
ur[o]- = urine (urology, uroscope)
uri[c]-, urico- = uric acid (uricosuria, uricotelic)
-uria = urine (polyuria)
urin- = urine (uriniferous)
uter[o]- = uterus (uterus)
vagin- = vagina (vagina)
varic[o]- = swollen , twisted (vein varicose)
vas[o]-= duct,vessel (vasoconstriction)
vasculo- = blood vessel (vasculopathy)
ven- = vein (venospasm)
ventr[o]- = belly; stomach cavities (ventrodorsal)
vesic[o]- = bladder (vesica)
viscer- = organ (visceral)
viscer[o]- = internal organs (viscera)
vit- = life (vitamin)
xanth[o]- = yellow color (xanthopathy)
xen[o]- =foreign, different (xenograft)
-y = condition or process of = surgery
zoo- = animal (zoology)
zygo- = union, join (zygote)
zym[o]- = fermentation, enzyme (lysozyme, serozyme)
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