Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com 2011-2012 Development and Presentation of Research Into The Causes & Effects of Skin Bleaching Use in the African Community Author KenyaSue Smart 1 | PG © K Smart ©K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the support and guidance operated by the African Education Trust and Evelyn Oldfield Charitable Unit for supporting and supplying me with the necessary tools to undertake this project, without their endeavours, this research would not have been possible. Extending appreciation for the excellent guest speakers, who advised and shared their expertise, to participants during the programme. The course is a powerful tool to raise issues and improve services for our diverse communities, the multiplying effects will further empower future Action Researchers for projects to support communities examine topical issues, which affect them. Acknowledge for the London for enabling and Elder Herikuti, the black community support given by Galaxy Community Radio 102.5FM south the launch of the research. Gratitude to Bongo Tettey whom gave me the opportunity to test the proposal to on the programme. Extending gratitude to Cares of Life and the “What do They Know Team supporting the research questions. Cllr Martin Seaton, my family who offered a listening ear to the issues, and gave support during the journey, from conception to outcome. A warmest thank you to Caroline Ffrench Blake, my mentor who supported me, was available with expertise and edited the final version perfectly. I also appreciate all the participants who took part in the study with the understanding that this report will be published with a view to improving health information and education relating to the health problems caused by using banned Skin Bleaching Products. 2 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com Contents Page Cover : 1 Acknowledgments: 2 Pictures Pages: 1/4/7/8/9/10/16 Executive Summary: 5 Chapter 1 (i) Central Aim 7 (ii) The purpose of Research 11 (iii)Literature Review 12 (iv) 15 Methodology (v) Ethical considerations 17 Chapter 2: Research Findings 18 Chapter 3: Discussion 22 (i) Conclusions 2 (ii) Recommendations 26/27 (iii) The strengths and limitations of research 29 Bibliography 28 Appendices 30 Index of Skin Bleaching Product Brands Pages 3 | PG © K Smart 30/31 ©K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart Beyonce Mshoza Ochronisis 4 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart Executive Summary This is a qualitative research project to raise awareness about the causes and effects of using banned skin bleaching products in the black community. The report will identify the history and root causes of this practice and identify illnesses that using these banned Chemicals causes, on users and the wider community. To establish who uses the products and the factors that influences use and Investigate the Black communities views on skin bleaching, and examine how these perspectives are formed. The literature review presents journals and articles, from leading social scientists which depict Africans in derogatory ways, methods such as, scientific racism. In contrast publications from renowned African scholars who identify the constructs of white supremacy, thoughts and actions. Exploring why there are no public health concerns, regarding the availability of banned products, and where the duty of care should rest. To date there has been little information signposted, about the dangers of the products. Although there is valid concern, the issue is not being taken seriously. The problem is widespread in the, African, America, Caribbean Asia and Globally. This report is concerned with effects on the Black community and sets out to: a) Identify patterns and trends of use and the skin disease caused by long term application, and what motivates use? And what the desired outcomes are for users (satisfaction elements) what connections “if any” are there between historical factors and Current impacts of racism? b) Provide evidence of the lack of structures currently in place, to raise public awareness of the dangers of skin bleaching chemicals, and to highlight the serious health concerns, which are linked to the development of cancer. 5 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart c) To initiate a campaign that will examine the role of public authorities’ responsibilities & duty of care to protect all the community from the consistent trafficking, of illegal substances that are noted health hazards. The review also sought ideals of Race and beauty to further establish if media advertising, the impacts of racism, historically and currently, influence attitudes and behaviour. Participants engaged in the research practising skin bleaching were women of African and African Caribbean heritage living in the UK. The black community views were gathered from the wider African and African Caribbean communities, male and females living in the boroughs of Lambeth, Lewisham and Southwark .The topic raised issues of, influences on empowerment of women, impacts of racism, media bias, family relationships and self identity. Organisations with a remit for protecting public health were contacted in the 3 boroughs, also Trading Standards and Cares of Life Maudsley Hospital S.L.A.M, because of the sensitivity of the practise, it was appropriate to use triangulation of 3 methods, which afforded confidentiality. The first the Community Radio Focus Group, secondly Telephone interviews using structured Questionnaire and email survey to the Trading Standards departments of Lambeth Lewisham & Southwark and Dr Dele Oladeje of Maudsley Hospital South London “Cares of Life”. The research was participatory in the broader sense, a public focus group on Galaxy 102.5FM, on 19 Nov 2011 to launch the project, and attract more participation. The results of the study raised issues for further action, which are reported in the Summary and recommendations. 6 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com 1. Sammy Sosa Pro-American Baseball Celebrity* 3. Extreme bleach burns* 4. Model Iman 7 | PG © K Smart ©K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com 5. Beyonce after and before 6. South African Sowaso Singer Mshoza 7. Vybes Cartel Product * 8 Vybz Cartel Before/After 8 | PG © K Smart ©K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart Chapter 1: It has become increasingly difficult to ignore that fact that Skin Bleaching use has a major health concern, in Global Black communities. The practice involves products containing banned chemicals such as Mercury and Topical Cortisones to remove the dark pigment of melanin* from the surface of the skin. Research to date focuses on the effects of the practice, limited information is gathered about what the practice aims to achieve for the users or their expectations. The focus of the research is to examine views and opinions, which influence and motivate use, also gather the views and opinions of the wider Black community. The report sites literature reviews from specialists on the impacts of racism. The area of study is of interest to me, as woman of African heritage, an activist volunteer working in the community for over 20 years. I grew up in a white environment, the progression and development of my community has always been my interest and importance. The subject was first approached when, as adult reading journals and Articles of African children’s experiences, in the care of white foster parents. These harrowing accounts recalled incidents of children being racially and sexually abused - some resorted to using household bleach, in an effort to remove their beautiful skin. . The study sets out to examine the early constructs of racism, to determine If the impacts of colonialism, enslavement and racism are still, impacting on the African community, We cannot negate those difficulties in challenging skin lightening behaviour stems from the reality of Black people’s situation, and how communities of African & African Caribbean heritage are treated historically and presently. This can also be reflected in relation to the barriers acquiring the basic needs of human life, such as decent housing, access to quality education, employment, and land encroachment In Africa, immigration issues and the disproportionate numbers of Black people in the penal and mental health system. During the research process I issue in contrast to the remaining objective to the members. The subject was met and local authorities. 9 | PG © K Smart had to revaluate my own assumptions on the realities of participant’s experiences, responses both from users and community with some resistance from users, community Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com 9a.* Banned Chemicals advertised in Palmers products 10 | PG © K Smart ©K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart (ii) The purpose of your research The purpose of the report is for a collective response to address the concerns, the practise can be lethal, and so there is an urgent need for the community and wider public to be informed... I will argue that public bodies responsible for the protection of public health, Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency M.H.P.R.A and Trading Standards Departments have failed in their duties to act in the best interest of the public. In order to question why? This Health problem has not gained any critical publicity, other than the sensational reports focusing on the damage of users in the media. Media advertising in the 1950’s promoted skin bleaching, to achieve a whiter, lighter appearance, the poster campaigns boasted Hydroquinone as an active ingredient to obtain bleaching results, the marketing potential is worth millions, it is a lucrative trade. I would like to highlight the fact advertising of products containing banned chemicals, continues today. Hyrodroquinone is considered the primary topical ingredient for melanin inhibition; research has now discovered destruction of melanocyte cells which depletes melanin... Obtained by prescription, but can be obtained easily for a price. Use of this dangerous chemical is linked to the development of cancer. Some of the products contain high amounts of mercury. Symptoms of overuse of Hydroquinone are: Swelling of the face and back, presenting a bleached out complexion on the face and surface skin (the panda effect).The user will develop large concentrated patches of melanin (Ochronisis) on surface skin, (the panda effect) acute acne, sensitivity to the sun, irritability, nervousness, fluid retention, thinning of the skin, collagen damage, susceptibility to skin infections, liver damage and ultimately organ failure. Users will experience extreme pain, and be more likely develop psychologically problems. The report sought to gather information on the issue, raise the profile by informing the wider public and presenting evidence to the community, health authority and local government, towards the development of a health campaign for culturally appropriate services, and lobby for health promotion drives highlighting the dangers. 11 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart iii) Literature review Skin Bleaching /lightening practises have now reached pandemic proportions here in the UK, Africa, Asia, Caribbean, and the USA. However the practice is not a new phenomenon. The colonial history of Africa’s subjugation by Europeans brought about subjective interpretation on Race and beauty, redefining European characteristics of Whiteness and beauty symbolic of purity and superiority defining Africans from imperialist standards as demonic, Black ugly savages an indicator of supposed inferiority, these mindsets set the context for behaviour, I will allude to how these were constructed. There is a considerable amount of literature which documents, From the 17 century onwards in the Caribbean on plantations, enslaved African women would be preyed on by the Masters, when children were born, they would receive more favourable treatment, and live in the house, they were called “mulatto”.(1) Their complexion being lighter. When sold, were promoted as higher quality stock on the auction block because of the drop of superiority “white blood.”(2) This engineered internalised oppressive behaviour between the two groups. The dark skinned enslaved Africans were made to suffer hard labour in the field, from sun up to sun down. In 1556, an open Declaration issued by Queen Elizabeth 1 to the Lord Mayor of London, complained about“Late divers and Blackamoors brought into the realme, of what kinde there are already here to maine”. (3) An indication of earlier negative attitudes towards Blackness, The complaint continues “great numbers of Negars and Blackamoors crept into the realm”. Failing to mention at this time Britain maintained a strong hold in the colonies the major stake holders of trafficking of African people for Slave labour. Psychoanalyst, writer and philosophy Franz Fanon sites this behaviour .(4) “As a result of the inferiority complex engendered in the mind of the Black Subject, he will try to appropriate and imitate the cultural code of the colonizer” The behaviour, Fanon asserts, is even more evident in upwardly mobile and educated Black people who can afford to acquire status symbols”. Printed in 1952, Fanons Assessment on the effects of racism, its impacts on behaviour which transcends class constructs, “Always black never fully human, no matter how much educated you have and how you act.”Further to this. Fanon asserts the “black man has to escape the association of blackness with evil by donning white masks.” Making this connection is essential to understanding skin bleaching practises, we live in a in a society that affirms white supremacy as normal and Africans culture, with all its attributes are depicted as abnormal. These views are reinforced by the introductions of science into the equation. The 1700, saw the escalation of scientific racism, British colonial administrator Edward Long, published a simple classification of Race in The History of Jamaica, Long asserted the “African was devoid of genius and incapable of civilisation”1774 (5) along with other respected intellectuals, articles, books and journals were published, using anthropology, psychiatry and later eugenics to reinforce the racist 12 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart Stereotypes of Black inferiority. These disciplines acted as a catalyst to categorise human beings into distinct biological racial groups. Africans were placed at the bottom rung of civilisation, citing the Physical differences, such as colour, an indication of underdevelopment and low intelligence. The theories were used to justify enslavement, and colonialism of the continent. These academics organise on committees of Education, Medicine and Politics among others, the legacy of their doctrine sits in the most respected universities and schools of medicine today. Prior studies which critique these theories prove that along with eugenics, psychology is grounded on a bias against Africans. Citing the Pioneer Fund/Group founded in 1937 the focus on subjective controversial research centering on race differences Trends in Use & Media Influence Media advertising in the 1950’s promoted skin bleaching, to achieve a whiter, lighter appearance, media poster campaigns boasted Hydroquinone as a beneficial active ingredient to obtain bleaching results, the marketing potential is worth millions, it is a lucrative trade. I would like to highlight the fact advertising of products containing banned chemicals, continues today. The Jamaican government launched a Healthy skin promotion in 2007 called “Don’t Kill the Skin” but, it was unable to curb use... Although issues emerging from Skin Bleaching relate to Black people, the practice is also predominant in large numbers of Asian communities in the UK and countries of origin. Confirming lack of appropriate measures to enforcement health protection policies to protect the public and prosecute traffickers who are becoming rich at the expense the communities health... More recently the media reported in 2011, Jamaican singer Vybes Cartel promoting the use of “Jamaican Blue soap”, to achieving his skin lightening results, in conjunction with the launch of his bleaching brand of product. This promotion acts as drivers for use, to young Black men. According to Williams (7)”Young people in society are now being led to believe that skin bleaching will offer them success, beauty and desirability, as a cure for black as ugly” (Feb 26, 2012) However, few writings have been able to capture more details regarding the influences of skin bleaching on young people, although my children have informed me “it is an insult to be regarded as African at school, or too dark” children from the continent are identifying with Jamaican culture. Celebrities such as Beyonce and Rihana are reported to have had their pictures lightened for promotion of their music. The controversy regarding Michael Jackson, his whitened appearance, purported to be suffering from vertiligo (skin disease causing loss of pigment in the skin) is questionable. Mshoza a South African singer alleged to have bleached her skin in an effort to obtain “Christina Aguilera White” has stated she was tired of being ugly, ignoring reported health concerns. 13 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart (8) Celebrities promoted in the media are never dark skinned beauties, this serves to maintain that white is the standard of beauty, which emphasises and perpetuates that Black is the exact opposite. In closing with a poem, which I vaguely remember whilst growing up, and subsequently every black person I have met has heard it too. If you’re White you’re alright If you’re Brown Stick around If you’re Black stay back! 14 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking (iv) & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart Methodology The practice of skin bleaching is a sensitive issue in the black community this was taken into consideration determining appropriate research methods. The chosen methods offered anonymity and confidentiality. A triangulation of methods was used. The Galaxy Radio broadcast focus group presentation, semi closed questionnaires by telephone interviews, combination of email surveys. Broadcast Presentation Galaxy radio 102.5FM The radio focus group enabled the topic to be presented on air to the Black community. This has a large African listening audience, UK wide and internationally. The research proposal was presented, questions for listeners to respond and reiterating confidentiality and ethical practises. This enabled wider advertising of the project; I was able to reach more participants at one session, users and community members interested in taking part, contacted me off air for engagement in the project. Publicity The next action was to create a poster which was distributed by email, and hard copy to the local authority, community groups, some by hand to communities of Southwark Lambeth and Lewisham, which community responded to. Email Surveys to Trading Standards in the 3 boroughs through Freedom of Information, which were partly successful, offers were also made for collaborative working on the project which was not responded to. Also to Cares of Life psychiatrist and consultant Dr Olajide The combination of email surveys was limited to 4 which will be summarised in the findings. 15 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart Questionnaires for Users of Skin Bleaching Products & Black Community The interviews were delivered by phone; the user participants were unknown to me. This method provided an ideal opportunity for honest responses relating to practises and views on it, data was extracted at different times, Set questions and opportunity for “anything else you would like to say” at the end. I was also able to adapt the questions Accordingly to the User situation and I had to be available to take the calls, as some of them used protective caller ID. 10 Article from consultant volume 42, article 7, By Drs Jonathan Crane and Ronald Benjamin and Patricia Hood | 01 June 2002 Ochronisis http://www.consultantlive.com/display/article/10162/38454 10* Examples of skin Damage Ochronisis 11 Ochronisis 16 | PG © K Smart (The panda Effect) Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart (v) Ethical considerations Participants were assured that engagement in the research topic assured confidentiality, that the responses to the interviews would be destroyed after the report was drafted. These conditions were repeated and written on: 1. Radio Broadcast 12.midday-2pm Presentation galaxy Radio 102.4FM 19/Nov/2011 @ 2. A Posters Campaign November 2011 -2012 3. Telephone interviews and email surveys 2011-2012 ongoing 1.a The radio presentation was very useful, as I was able to reach a wider section of the Black community within a short time scale and afford community members anonymity, It was experimental, there was participation, interest and concern. Some listeners called in questioning the topic; this was managed by asking them to assist with the project. The only disadvantage was the spontaneity; the presenters supported the interview, contacts for the research was given on air. I also recognised that dealing with sensitive issues such as use of melanin* suppressants proved some challenges and resistance. Because of sensitivity of the issue, appropriate use of language was addressed in the questionnaire to enable as much participation from users as possible. To avoid causing offence Race & Beauty and skin lightening practices was added to the user questionnaire as opposed to skin bleaching use. Participants were also informed that engagement was voluntary; they were enabled to stop at any time, if they felt uncomfortable. 2. A The Poster Campaign enabled dissemination of the project to the wider community and was placed in public the community, on the bus, by email through iletoCPN, community contacts, organisations, and the local authority. 3. A Telephone interviews, the benefits were that it’s enabled participants to call me, having full control over the length of questioning, feeling confident to talk freely, I was able to adjust questions accordingly, using voice and pacing, Listening was essential to ensure that the questions were answered. Disadvantages were that representation of group was limited to participants with phones, no face to face communication with users to developed rapport. The method was relevant for the purpose. 17 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart Email Survey Lambeth, Lewisham & Southwark The surveys to the 3 local authorities were sent through Whatdotheyknow Freedom of Information (FOI) team asking set questions about the effectiveness of their monitoring and actions to date. This is a legal requirement, are compelled to respond within a period of time, it enables the questioning of public services, cheap to operate, very easy to manage. Cares of Life S.L.A.M Dr Olajide has featured in 2 documentaries on the issue of Skin Bleaching, the email survey was responded to very quickly, it is essential to develop working relationship with professionals in the area of your study, this prompts cooperation. In both cases responses were retrieved that informed the research, which was effective. Chapter 2: Research findings & Conclusions Key Findings: Group .A The research questions were analysed group accordingly, into 1. Group A: Participants who use skin bleaching products 2. Group B: Members of the wider Black community, views and opinions about people who practices of skin bleaching summarised. Group C. Local authority & Group C.a Dr Oladeji Cares of Life S.LA.M. Key questions and responses are summarised below. Group A: Users and Group B: Community responses: The views of 10 women who practised skin bleaching Use. Group A: The results of the study mapped the age of women, between25-55. It was indicated that women belonged to either church, faith or other groups, confirmed their place of origin: Ghana, Jamaica, Nigeria Somalia and Black UK. Their status: employed studying or home maker were either married or in stable relationships. The question about use of beauty products: all the women used either full make up, body creams and lipstick, 7 of the women indicated dissatisfaction with their appearance. Experience using skin lightening products. The women confirmed use or past use of skin bleaching products, it was indicated the following products were used: Clear touch crème, Crusader brand Soap, fashion Fair fast Action, Motivate cream, Roberts creams and soaps, Skin Success Gel, Symba crème, Zarina Skin Toning products, Tura creams/ soaps and mixtures and toothpaste concoctions. The methods applied products to full body; sometimes faces up to once a week or twice a day. The creams were either bought locally, local Asian owned beauty shops; family, imported, and on line suppliers was indicated cheaper. 18 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart The study findings showed that Perceptions of Beauty was shared between the women, named beautiful. Christina Aguilera, Halle Berry, Beyonce, Jennifer Lopez, Rihana, Angelina Joley, Katherine of Cambridge, Princess Diana, Lil Kim, Vanessa Williams, and Mshoza. There was general consensus that participants admired the celebrity’s looks, the attention generated from people, men, desirability, successful, rich and independent. Personal use of skin bleaching/ lightening results, 7 of the women- to make themselves feel better, beautiful, to achieve a lighter skin tone that was not dark, was also an indication of beauty. 2 of the women that they felt appreciated more by husbands and family member’s one woman stated that now she started to “bleach rub off” she felt more Confident and accepted more by her mother and sisters... Achievements Indicators The women stated they were more confident; they looked better, better top jobs, airlines, banks, and enhancements such as supervisors, received special attention from partners, husbands liked the look and were more complimentary. The goal was to generally acquire better opportunities in life, look better and achieve more. Noticeable Skin problems & Awareness of Skin damage. Out of the 10 participants 6 indicated they had been affected by skin problem while using the gels and soap, symptoms included spots or pimples and levels of tenderness of the skin and offensive smells. 4 of the women had experience of knowing someone who had over used successions of Benovate, toothpaste concoctions, strong soaps/creams, one incident, in Zimbabwe reported the death of a woman who had taken pills had died* There were levels of embarrassment about the use; they confirmed that their partner’s husbands to their knowledge were unaware that they were practising. The offer of advice and information was put forward but declined by 8 of the women, the remaining 2 said they would email after the report was finished. General Ages of Use for Children It was reported use started from ages 14 -25, introduced by, family members and Friends, 1 participant disclosed her older brother had been using creams and soaps unknown to her. Women with children were asked if their children use skin lightening creams. 2, declined to answer. The responses were gathered into statements below: 19 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart 1. A: “I was about 14 when a family member gave me some cream to use to brighten my skin, it was said our men prefer bright skinned women” If I wanted to get married I had to brighten up to get a husband.” 2.A: “If I was asked by a young person to help with getting the skin creams I would offer to find the safer ones ”If my children asked me for some I would wait until they are old enough”. 3. A:” My mother married a darker skinned man than her, my grandmother and grandfather never spoke to her again, even when we came to England, We do not know them. I take after my father; I feel there is nothing wrong with helping to become acceptable, life is like that”. 4. A: “All my family are lighter than me when I was younger I was called names, about my skin .Black this and that. Mongrel, I hated it, there is not one picture of me when I was young, it was a joke really I felt as If this was not my family. “The others had everything. But since I look better now more acceptable, I am getting on better, my partner did not see what I looked like before, he would not recognise me. The question about children I suppose it depends on the situation “ 5.A: “As the creams are getting stronger I would not feel safe recommending my children, they have not seen me use anything I am careful of that I feel it’s different for men and women, most of our men like white or lighter skin girls it makes them feel confident. My Partner is darker than me it looks ok on him, I do not want this for myself, I look better, I have tattoos which you can see them. When I get lots of attention, some women can be jealous.” 6A. “It not really any ones business how I want to look”, I am working hard every day; Very soon I will be changing for a better job, in an office doing secretary work. This would not have happened before, now I am looking good enough to get on better. If Using creams was so bad, people would not buy it, and everyone I know uses it sometimes. I would not be upset if my daughter wanted to use the cream.” 7A. “My daughter is using creams she was given by her friends, I cannot say anything really she is 16, she is not so dark, girls want to look like their idols. They are influenced by TV, people who are light or white, on X Factor only the ones who look like they fit get through. We do not talk about this problem at all” 20 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart The further results of the study with Black community Response Group B; Summarised the following. There were 10 participants both male and female. Living in the 3 boroughs, Status; employed, home makers, or studying. Either Single, married or in stable relationships. 6 participant’s members of faith or community groups, all with children, participants mapped at 26-65. Origins recorded as British Black, Caribbean, Ghanaian and other, all group B confirmed the use of skin moisturisers, some of the women makeup. Views of Use The question of using skin bleaching products reported that 3 knew someone that used The Bleaching creams or soaps; no products mentioned. The group indicated they had no personal use of S.B products. Responses as to why one would use the products: 1 person mentioned that they challenged a family member; the use was met with denial...there was an overarching theme of comments on why people do this such as, 1 B. “They hate themselves and other Black people” they want to be white! Media influence! 2. B “They have mental health issues, they disgust me! Looking for white privilege. That Issues and history effect behaviour, Identity issues, and effects of racism. Awareness of Health issues Awareness of skin diseases associated with use: Cancer, Collagen damage, mental health problems, skin thinning, isolation and self hate. Defining Beauty The participants indicated that they found: Their Children, Themselves, Lauren Hill, Naomi Campbell, Whitney Houston, Mothers, Partners, Denzel Washington, Jill Scott and Ledizi beautiful. Use on Children Skin bleaching use on children: response indicated as unacceptable, however only 1 participant would report this as a child protection issue. Participants stated they do not know if they would report this, given how Black people are treated by the public authorities. Others stated that they would not know how to report the issue of concern. 21 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart Discussion and Conclusion The review is on causes and effects of banned skin bleaching products use by the black community, and concludes from information gathered behaviour is a response to inequalities. As a consequence of use, perceived results are achieved, regardless of awareness of health problems, seeking white ascetics of beauty, practisers have interpreted confidence to success and High status are synonymous to standards set by the dominant group, so therefore, are aiming to achieve this. Survival tactics are being implemented, which are being modelled to children as part of a “culture”, These findings add, to growing body of research, 21 (Harrison 2011) which, supports evidence of historical preferences operated in society, access to quality health care, housing, employment, schools &universities entrances, and services are denied to darker melinated people. Also examined in The Skin Colour Paradox 22 (Hocedchild 2007) a Code of preference to lighter skinned Africans, excluded opportunities for darker melinated Africans suggest root causes. Although the practice of eradicating melanin from the skin and exposing your children to this is unacceptable, the low profile given to the issue, perpetuating the practise, is equally unacceptable. Community Response Group B The sample from the Black community has shown overarching themes of positive affirmations of the views of beauty of self to media personalities, awareness of some dangers that the banned products cause, 1 specified media influences were responsible, 3 know family members who use these products, it emerged that use was only challenged by 1. Therefore assumptions about the causes of the practice, restrict informed opinions, taking these variables into consideration, results suggest a general lack of lack of communication between members of our community, and understanding of the causes. The child protection question confirmed that access to information is extremly limited, presenting trust issues regarding the local authority or government departments, indicating that ,further works needs to be developed to engage the community seeking to resolve and address the problem, as a shared concern. Trading Standards Lambeth Lewisham & Southwark Group C The questionnaires requests for all 3 authorities through F.O.I. which were only partially successful, and had to be issued more than once, the responses leaving unsatisfactory results, Lambeth were resistant and unable to respond to questions about monitoring and effectiveness, as it appears this is not in place. Lewisham also, although all 3 councils claim they work successfully with M.R.S.A, no evidence of this was provided. However Southwark supplied prosecution lists of traders found guilty who were successfully fined, but still trading..... 22 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart One case involving 2 Nigerian owned businesses in Peckham, Yinka Bodyline and Beauty Express were warned in 2004, for selling of banned products Containing exceedingly high levels of Mercury/ Hydroquinone, 2005 saw the couple Yinka and Michael Olyemi prosecuted the couple received 9 months suspended sentence, a 5 year ban from business, and a £70,000 fine, this action was used as an example, although the system for trading had been in place before they engaged. Highlighting that, the serial offenders, are not subject to the same processes... The disclosure below from Southwark Trading Standards is cause for concern, relating to Southwark Council website statement under: Who uses them? Dear Paul Gander Thank you for responding to me through FOI request. I have contacted you directly regarding content of the website. It would be appreciated if you could send me the report which informs the statement on the LBS site, quote below. Who uses them? "They are usually marketed towards women from a variety of ethnic backgrounds. In Southwark the primary users are likely to be black Afro Caribbean women". Thank you for your assistance in carrying out my research Regards Kenyasue ----- Forwarded Message ----From: "Gander, Paul" <Paul.Gander > To: iletocpn@yahoo.co.uk Sent: Monday, 6 February 2012, 9:14 Subject: Re: LBS website content verification Hello the statement is based on feedback from the retailers when questioned as to who is buying these products. Also based on the demographics of southwark as compared with areas such as the West Midlands. Hope this helps. Sorry there are no reports as such. Regards Paul Gander - Southwark Trading Standards (Sent from a mobile device) 23 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart "Southwark Council does not accept liability for loss or damage Resulting from software viruses. The views expressed in this e-mail may be personal to the sender and should not be taken as necessarily representing those of Southwark Council. This finding questions the role of Public bodies concerned with community safety and health responsibilities, that are not clearly defined, currently we have a situation which enables the trafficking of poisonous chemicals, masquerading as beauty products, Traders profiteering from Sales of illegal substances in our communities. There are no custodial sentences imposed, the perpetrators are fined substantial amounts, have a relationship with the monitoring agencies, and have the ability to inform local authority publicity, clearly not seeking to resolve the problem, but adds to it. The situation needs further investigation. Further to the resistance to mete out appropriate penalties to the usual suspects known to sell these poisons, there needs to be greater accountability to ensure that prosecutions fit the offence, participation and good practice, with the Black community, not the law breakers. Assurances put in place to enable the Medicines Health Regulation Authority (MHRA) to be more affective and accountable to the Health of the Black community as stakeholders. Group C.a Dr Olajide South London Maudsley Hospital “Cares of Life” Email Survey Results: It would be appreciated if you could respond to the following questions relating to the research, which will be reporting on take up of use by the Black Community living in Lambeth, Lewisham and Southwark and address the availability and promotion of these illegal substances. I have been involved in two television programmes around skin bleaching: one by Dami Akinnusi (bleach my skin white) and the second was a piece by CNN on the sale of illegal creams and people's motivation for skin bleaching. 1) Are there any noticeable patterns and trends in Skin Bleaching practise over the last 5 years? I am not sure if there has been a noticeable trend upwards or downwards but there has been increase awareness of the sale/use of bleaching agents in the print media (Asian in particular) 24 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart 2) Do you have any indications of the factors influencing the use of banned products? A multitude of factors I should say. Cultural: among African, Caribbean, Asian, Japanese and middle eastern Women ...the need to aspire to a fairer skin similar to Caucasian women. A belief that lighter skin makes a woman more sexually desirable to men Fairer skin makes it easier to blend into the white culture...Passing in America.... Economics...Higher employment chances in the Caribbean 3) Dealing with the question of user satisfaction, do you have any indication of what the users hope to achieve? Sex appeal to black men who are thought to prefer light skin women...success might be measured by likelihood of getting hooked to men; being employed; less racial stereotyping More self confident 4) How will they know they have achieved their goal/outcome? If they are successful in 3 above. Not sure if they actually become satisfied because it is grounded in a feeling that black people are inferior to white people. So although you can change the colour of your skin, your physical Negroid features remain. Note: white women's obsession with tanning is no different from black women's preoccupation with bleaching: both believe they become more alluring etc. The survey indicated no real trend, but increase of media reporting, comparatives with results of users, examples of cultural identity with feelings of inferiority, passing as white,, increases in confidence, and desire to whiten skin for sexual gratification the focus only Female practisers, Dr Dele has identified motivation of the factors from a professional perspective. Some of the responses relate to the literature review “Fanons” perspective. However, the comparatives that tanning is no different to skin bleaching, needs further study, as the review findings are limited to a review of female participants in 3 boroughs. Further research trials are needed to establish a greater degree of understanding and accuracy on this issue. A global view of the practice in the continent, Asia, Caribbean USA The venture should be promoted as partnerships between community groups and local government departments. 25 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart Chapter 3 (ii) Conclusions & Recommendations I am hopeful the report gains some momentum by attracting relevant attention to initiate a serious health campaign, towards highlighting the dangers of the use of banned skin bleaching products. This paper has given an account and made some noteworthy contributions from the review of some of the reasons for widespread use, and make recommendations to kick-start a working group, to discuss and action solutions to the Problem, looking at education, information drives, in schools communities and in other institutions. To include remedies to counteract availability of trafficking in our communities. Assurances should be put in place to enable the Medicines Health Regulation Authority (MHRA) to be more affective and accountable to the Health of the Black community as stakeholders and part of consultation and strategic health forums as a matter of urgency. One of the main arguments is that, no awareness or health promotion information regarding the practice is available to the wider public. Therefore a multi agency approach is needed with equal partnerships to bring all stake holders together to decide on an action plan. This should include churches, community groups, community radio, local councillors, health promotion agencies and all education institutions. Education about The benefits of melanin should be implemented, and contributions of Africans in Arts, global world, discovery, history, medicine science as part of the curriculum, not just October. 26 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart (iii) The strengths and limitations of research The positive aspects of this research review have gone some way towards enhancing the dialogue about skin bleaching practices. We touched upon some of the underlying issues, which lead to use and gained more understanding about it. The research is in its early stages as the scope is large, experimental methods were tested, such as the Radio Broadcast focus group, however approaches of this kind carry with them various well Known limitations. There wasn’t time to develop trust to meet the participants face to face, the opportunity to travel to Africa, Caribbean and USA, the missed opportunity of interviewing Faith and church groups, given the influence they have in the community. I was not able to engage any men for the study, as it is reported that men in the media are using these products, This also needs examining. The current investigation was subject to willingness of participants to engage, of which time and resources are needed, these limitations impacted on the project, taking these factors into consideration, the report presents itself as a review in light of this and should be considered as an ongoing project of concern. All pictures used in this report are for community use under the fair policy of public community accessed on the internet. A list of products containing banned illegal products is contained in the appendices. Page 31:32 Further multimedia on this research available here Research Projects Also here on this site http://unifiedsisters.wordpress.com 27 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart Bibliography 1. Mulatto available from http://mulatto.urbanup.com/767918 (accessed 4 April 2012) 2. One drop rule taken from “Who is Black? One nation’s definition. (1991) J Davis www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/.../onedrop.html 3. Queen Elizabeth 1 letter “Beginning of British America 1607-1660” pp UK National Archives, PC 2/21, f. 306 (18 July 1596) 4. Fanon, F, 1952 (Black Skin White Masks 4th ed 1967 Pluto P) 5. History of Jamaica, The. 2012 Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 24 June, 2012, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1006884/History-ofJamaica-The 6. Journal of the History of behavioural sciences volume 38 (M G Kenny) Towards A Racial Abyss: Eugenics Wickliffe Draper & the Origins of Eugenics available in Research Projects 7. Williams, P, (2012 February 26) (retrieved May 10, 2012) http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120226/news/news4.html 7. South African Singer has a passion for whiteness article and video Retrieved June 6/2012 www.clutchmagonline.com/.../south-african-singer-bleachesskin-has... 8. http://www.hautcourant.com/Depigmentation-de-la-peau-au-dela,409 9. Bamboye E (07/12/2011 00:45:00) Bleaching excessive use of analgesics may cause kidney failure (accessed 20 June 2012) http://nationalmirroronline.net/health/health-news/26465.html Freedom of information requests: Lewisham, Lambeth and Southwark available at www.whatdotheyknow.com/.../banned_skin_bleaching_products 28 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart Appendices Picture Gallery * All pictures used in this report are subject to use of community assets I do not claim ownership. No profits will be made from use in this report strictly for access to public information. P4. 1* Sammy SoSa, 2.* Skin disorders 3.* Bleach damage of the lower calf 4.* Model Iman: P5. 6 *Beyonce7. * Mshoza 8. *Vybes Cartel 9.* VC Blue Cake Soap P10. 9. *Palmers Skin bleaching product (2011) P13.10* Article from consultant volume 42, article 7, By Drs Jonathan Crane and Ronald Benjamin and Patricia Hood | 01 June 2002 http://www.consultantlive.com/display/article/10162/38454 P. 18 .21 Skin Tone More Important Than Educational Background for African... www.multiculturaladvantage.com/.../Skin-Tone-More-Important-Than... P19. 22. Hochschild, JL, Weaver V. 2007. The Skin Colour Paradox and the American Racial Order, 12/2007. Social Forces. 86(2):643-670. 29 | PG © K Smart Iletocpn Creative Thinking & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart List of illegal products: Containing Topical Steroids over 20 percent Dream Successful A3 Clear touch Complexion Lotion A3 Lemon Skin Lightening Lotion A3 Skin Lightening Cream A3 Triple Action Cream Pearl Light Ambi American Formula Ambi Extra Complexion Cream for Men Ambi Special Complexion Cream Amira Cream or Magic Cream Baraka Skin Lightening Cream Binti Jambo Cream Blackstar Body Clear / Body Clear Cream Butone Cream Care plus Fairness Cream Carekako Medicated Cream Cherie Claire Body Beauty Lightening & Treating Soap Claire Creme Clear Essence Medicated Fade Cream Clear Essence Skin Beautyfying Milk Clear Touch Cream / Lotion Cleartone Skin Toning Cream Clere Extra Cream Clere Lemon CreamCrusader Skin Toning Cream Crusader Ultra Brand Cream Dear Heart with Hydroquinone Cream Dream Successful Elegance Skin Lightening Cream Envi Skin Toner Extra Clair Lightening Body Lotion Fade Out Cream Fair & White Body Clearing Milk Fairlady Skin Lightening Cream Fulani Crème Eclaircissante Glotone Complexion Cream Ikb Medicated Cream Dear Heart with Hydroquinone Cream 30 | PG © K Smart Elegance Skin Lightening Cream Envi Skin Toner Extra Clair Lightening Body Lotion Fade Out Cream Fair & White Body Clearing Milk Fairlady Skin Lightening Cream Fulani Crème Eclaircissante Glutose Complexion Cream Immediate Claire Lightening Beauty Soap Island Beauty Skin Fade Cream Jabirus Cream Jaribu Skin Lightening Lotion Kiss Lotion Kiss-Medicated Beauty Cream Lady Claire Lightening Body Cream Lolane Cream M.G.C. Extra Clear Madonna Medicated Cream Malaika Medicated Beauty Cream Malibu Medicated Cream Mekako Cream Mic Skin Lightener Cream Miki Beauty Cream Mr. Clere Cream Mrembo Medicated Beauty Cream Nadinola Cream Nindola Cream Nish Medicated Cream O'nyia Skin Crème Palmer's Skin Success Fade Cream Peau Claire Beauty Body Lotion Peau Claire Crème Eclaircissante Peau Claire Lightening Body Oil Precieux Treatment Beauty Lotion Princess Lotion Princess Medicated Beauty Cream Immediat Claire Princess Patra Luxury Complexion Cream Rico Complexion Cream Rico Skin Lightening Lotion Iletocpn Creative Thinking Rico Skin Tone Crème Shirley Cream Sivoclair Lightening Body Lotion Symba Crème Skin Lite 'N'smooth Tonight Night Beauty Cream Top Lemon Plus Cream Topiclear / Topiclear Cream & Action sankofacpn@gmal.com ©K Smart Tura Skin Toning Cream Ultime Skin Lightening Cream Ultra Clear Uno21 Cream Viva Super Lemon Yesako Medicated Beauty Cream Zarina Medicated Skin Lightener Cream Skin Lightening / Whitening / Bleaching Products with Mercury: Acura Fashion Fair Cream Elegance Creme gel Fashion Fair Gel Plus Fair Lady First Class Lady Cream Jambo Hot Movate Gel Jaribu Hot Prosone Gel Mekako Jaribu Beta - . Cream Miki Gel Lemonvate Cream Movate Medicated Movate Cream New Shirley Medicated Cream Neu Clear Cream Plus Pimplex Medicated Cream Neu Clear Gel Rico Peau Clair Cream / Gel Plus Tura Soaps/gels Skin Lightening / Whitening /Bleaching Products with Steroids Pro-One Gel Mca Action Demovate Cream Prosone Gel Action Demovate Gel Plus Regge Lemon Gel Age Renewal Cream Secret Gel Amira-C Sivoclair Cream Betalemon Cream Skin Balance Cream/Gel Wrinkle Body Clear Cream Spot Remo Remover Skin Balance Lemon Cream Skin Success Cream / Gel Body Treat Cream Spot Remover Soft & Beautiful Gel / Cream Clair & Lovely Gel Tcb Gel Plus Dark & Lovely Cream / Gel Tenovate Dermo -Gel Plus Fair & White Gel Plus List obtained with support by the Zimbabwe Forum: ©Copyright narrative Kenyasue Smart Site ©sankofacpn@gmail.com 31 | PG © K Smart